Brown the Italian sausage in a Dutch Oven or heavy stockpot over medium heat.
Add onions, carrots, and celery to the sausage and cook for 5 minutes.
Stir in the zucchini and cook until softened.
Reduce heat, add garlic and Italian seasoning, and cook for 1 minute.
Add chicken broth, fire-roasted tomatoes, and cannellini beans. Bring to a low boil.
Stir in elbow noodles and reduce heat to a simmer. Cook until pasta is tender.
Garnish with fresh thyme, red pepper flakes, and Parmesan cheese. Season with salt and pepper.